韓日漢字音에 대한 對照硏究

Abstract

韓日 漢字音의 대조연구는 兩國의 漢字音의 비교를 통하여 전래된 中國 中古音을 韓日 兩國에서 어떻게 받아 들였나 하는 실상을 파악하고 비교하는 것을 주된 목적으로 삼고 있다. 이 연구를 통하여 韓國漢字音의 기층(母胎)도 추정해 볼 수 있고, 韓國漢字音과 日本漢字音의 유사성에 관해서도 고찰해 볼 수 있다. 지금까지 많은 학자들이 古代 韓國漢字音에 대한 연구를 해왔지만 자료가 많지 않은 한계를 가지고 있는 것도 사실이다. 본 論文에서는『千字文』과 『訓蒙字會』를 자료로 하여 3823자의 漢字를 中?日?韓 漢字音의 對應關係를 漢字의 聲母, 韻母, 韻尾로 나누어 분석하였다. 中國漢字音은 中古音, 日本漢字音은 吳音과 漢音, 韓國漢字音은 中期朝鮮漢字音을 대상으로 하였다. 中?日?韓 漢字音의 반영된 특징을 살펴보면 聲母에 있어서는 有?無聲音은 吳音에서는 변별하고 있지만, 漢音과 韓國漢字音에서 전부 無聲音으로서 반영하고 있다. 그래서 有?無聲音은 日本漢字音에서 전부 無氣音으로서 반영하고 있지만 韓國漢字音에서는 有?無?의 無?音으로 불규칙적으로 반영되고 있다. 韻母는 漢字에서 母音部에 해당하는 것으로 처음에 206韻이었던 것을 韻은 달라도 韻尾가 같고, 主母音이 서로 유사한 것끼리 묶어서 16개로 통합한 것이 16攝이다. 그 16攝을 通攝에서부터 咸攝까지 16개로 분류한 순서대로 분석하여 비교한 결과 日本語의 경우 聲母 이상으로 자국어의 모음체계로 인해 극히 대담하게 단순화된 반영을 보이고 있다. 따라서 日本漢字音의 韻母는 왜곡된 반영이기는 하나 舊 가나표기를 참고하면 各攝의 특징을 지닌 반영이라 할 수 있다. 韻尾는 撥音韻尾와 入聲韻尾로 나누어 對照考察하였다. 韻尾의 반영을 보면, 韓日 ?? 漢字音은 中國原音의 충실한 반영을 보여주고 있다. 단지 日本漢字音의 경우는 日本語 固有의 音韻組織에 맞추어 /u/또는 /i/모음이 첨가된 開音節로 나타나고 있다. 또한, 韓?漢字音에서 入聲韻尾 /t/音은, 音節末의 /t/音을 기피하여, 齒?音 /l/音으로 반영되었다.|The main purpose of contrasting the chinese letters of Korean with Japanese language is to find and to compare how the two countries accepted the Junggoeum(中古音) that China had introduced to them through the comparison of Korean chinese letters' sound and that of Japan. Through this study we can presume the origin of chinese letters' sound in Korean language and it is also possible to think over the similarity of chinese characters' sound between Korea and Japan. There were many scholars having studied the ancient Korean chinese letters' sound but unfortunately we still have difficulty of lacking data. This dissertation analyzes the Sungmo(聲母), Unmo(韻母), Unmi(韻尾) of 3823 chinese letters found in 'Cheonjamun'(千字文) and 'Hunmongjahoe'(訓蒙字會) First we can find in the analysis of Sungmo(聲母) 1. Sungmo(聲母) The Sungmo(聲母) is pronounced differently in Oeum(吳音) as a voiced sound or a voiceless sound but in Haneum(漢音) and Korean chinese letters' sound all the Sungmo(聲母) is pronounced as a voiceless sound. So every voiced sound and voiceless sound is revealed in Japanese chinese letters' sound as an unaspirated sound but in Korean letters a voiced sound or a voiceless sound are irregularly revealed. 1) Among Plosive [p t k], [p] is pronounced as [f] in Japanese chinese characters and as [p p'] in Korean chinese letters. And the sound [t k], Japanese chinese letters has the original sound of them but in Korean chinese letters each is pronounced as [t t'] and [k]. 2) In the case of an Affricate [ts] and Frictional sound [s h ř], [ts s] and [h] are separately sounded [s] and [k] in Japanese chinese letters' sound and [ř] is pronounced like [n] in Oeum(吳音) and [z] in Haneum(漢音). Korean chinese letters' sound follows exactly the China's sound of [ts s h] but [ř] is sounded [z] like that is pronounced in Haneum(漢音). 3) When we deal with Nasal [m n ŋ] and a Liquid sound [l], [m] and [n] are sounded like [m] [n] in Oeum(吳音) and in Korean chinese letters' sound but they are revealed like [b] and [d] in Haneum(漢音). And [ŋ] is sounded like [g] in Japanese chinese letters' sound and omitted in Korean chinese letters' sound. [l] is sounded commonly as [r] in both countries. 2. Unmo(韻母) We call the vowel part of chinese characters Unmo(韻母). Among 206 rhymes we classified them into 16 groups having same Unmi(韻尾) and similar main vowel though their rhymes are different and call them 16 Sup(攝). Then we compared 16 Sup(攝) in the order of classifying them into 16 from TongSup(通攝) to HamSup(咸攝). The result is 1) In the case of Japanese letters' sound Unmo(韻母) is simplified as much as Sungmo(聲母) is simplified by the vowel system of native language. So Unmo(韻母) of Japanese chinese letters' sound is the diverted reflection but when we consult the ancient Gana(Hiragana)mark we can say that Unmo(韻母) of Japanese language is the reflection of characteristics of Sup(攝). 2) The Korean chinese letters' sound has more fluent vowel system than Japanese language has. In the course of accepting chinese letters on the basis of Korean vowel system, the reflection of athematic in HaiSup(蟹攝), JiSup (止攝) having many rhymes is occurring with more detailed division than in Japanese letters' sound. 3. Unmi(韻尾) 1) [m n ŋ] are pronounced in Korean chinese letters' sound as same as origin sound but in Oeum(吳音) each is sounded as [m n] [n] [u], in Haneum(漢音) [ŋ] is sounded as [u] or [i] not like in 오음. 2) [p t k] are sounded separately as [fu] [tu] [ku ki] in Japanese chinese letters' sound and [t] is heard like [tu] or [ti] in Oeum(吳音). In Korean chinese letters' sound [p t k] are pronounced [p l k]. After all, we can say that Oeum(吳音) of Japanese chinese characters reflects the system of Junggoeum(中古音) of China and Haneum(漢音) reflects the chinese sound of the era after chinese Junggoeum(中古音). And we can find that Korean chinese letters' sound reflects China's Junggoeum(中古音) and also settled under the influence of Korea’s characteristic sound system.