한문 문장 분류 연구

Abstract

본 연구는 漢文 文章 分類 기준의 하나인 敍法의 개념을 정립하고 體系를 수립하며 그 특성을 합리적으로 기술함으로써 漢文에 대한 이해를 提高하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 文章의 深層的 意味를 파악하기 위해서는 이를 문법적 범주로 규정한 敍法 硏究가 필요하며, 선조들이 남긴 전적을 정확하게 이해하기 위해서도 漢文 敍法 硏究는 필수적이다. 하지만 지금까지 敍法 硏究는 用語와 槪念의 統一性 부족, 연구자들의 주관적인 판단 개입, 語氣詞에 치우친 연구에 한정되는 문제점을 드러냈다. 이에 본고에서는 Ⅱ장에서 敍法에 따른 문장 분류를 제시함에 앞서 意味 · 構造에 따른 분류 설정을 살펴보아 문장 분류 기준에 대한 이해를 도왔다. 이어서 敍法에 따른 문장의 분류에서는 한문도 본래 口語에서 비롯되었음에 착안하여 一般 言語學을 원용함으로써 그 체계성의 기반을 마련하고 한문법만의 고유한 특성을 반영하여 敍法의 槪念과 下位分類를 설정하였다. 먼저, 한문에서는 문장에 나타나는 주관적 태도가 語氣詞를 통해 실현되므로 敍法의 개념을 ‘文章에서 나타나는 話者의 語氣’라 정의하였다. 다음으로 敍法은 1차와 2차로 구분하는 복수 분류 방식을 통해서 하위분류 하였다. 1차 분류에서는 문장의 기능을 언어의 기능과 관련시켜 4개의 문장으로 설정하였다. 언어의 기능은 1) 話者의 表現, 2) 事物의 敍述, 3) 聽者에의 傳達 세 가지이며 이 중 어느 것의 比重이 크게 나타나는가에 따라 平敍文, 疑問文, 命令文, 感歎文으로 분류하였다. 사물 · 사건 · 사실 등의 서술에 비중을 둔 문장은 평서문, 청자에게 전달하는 기능에 비중을 두되 대답을 요구하는 문장은 의문문, 행동을 요구하는 문장은 명령문이며 화자의 감정 표현에 비중을 둔 문장은 감탄문이다. 2차 분류에서는 1차 분류에서 제시한 敍法의 기본 개념에 충실하면서도 각 문장의 고유한 특성을 반영되어 형태론적 구성요소의 의미나 기능이 배제되지 않도록 一般文과 特殊文으로 분류하였다. 첫째, 平敍文은 敍述 表現 方式에 따라 一般 平敍文과 特殊 平敍文으로 구분하였다. 이 중 特殊 平敍文은 미래의 불확실한 태도를 보이는 것은 동일 하지만 짐작, 추측하는 태도를 보이면 推定 平敍文, 자신에게 행동을 약속하는 평서문은 約束 平敍文으로 분류하였다. 둘째, 疑問文은 疑問 表現 方式에 따라 一般 疑問文과 特殊 疑問文으로 구분하였다. 一般 疑問文은 질문 방식에 따라 說明 · 贊否 · 選擇 疑問文으로, 特殊 疑問文은 화자가 알고 있는 정보에 대한 確信 정도에 따라 反語 · 推測 疑問文으로 분류 하였다. 셋째, 命令文은 命令 表現 方式에 따라 一般 命令文과 特殊 命令文으로 구분하였다. 一般 命令文은 聽者에 대한 考慮와 行動 遂行與否에 따라 指示 · 禁止 · 請願 命令文으로, 特殊 命令文은 形式 差異에 따라 疑問 · 平敍 命令文으로 분류하였다. 넷째, 感歎文은 感情 表現 方式에 따라 一般 感歎文과 特殊 感歎文으로 구분하였다. 一般 感歎文은 感情의 表現 目的에 따라 傳達 · 獨白 感歎文으로, 特殊 感歎文은 형식 차이에 따라 疑問 · 應答 感歎文으로 분류하였다. 이 硏究는 文章 分類 基準을 敍法으로 하고 그에 따른 분류 체계를 確立함으로써 漢文 文法의 合理的 樹立에 一助하며 궁극적으로는 漢文 文章을 理解하는데 도움이 되고자 하는데 그 意義가 있다.|The purpose of this study was to establish the concept and system of mood, one of the classification standards in Chinese sentences and to raise the understanding on Chinese writing by describing its characteristics in a rational manner. It was necessary to study mood that considered the sentence as one of the grammatical categories so as to grasp the in-depth meaning and it was essential to investigate mood in Chinese writing in order to accurately understand the accomplishments of the ancestors. Nevertheless, the study on mood has had some problems such as the absence of unified terminology and concept, the subjective judgment of researchers and the study limited to Eogisa (語氣詞). Therefore, in Chapter II, this study helped one understand the classification in accordance with mood by means of re-investigating the establishment of classification corresponding to meaning & structure suggested in the preliminary study. Then, in terms of the classification of mood, this study set up the foundation of its systematization and established the concept and sub-classification of mood with unique characteristics of grammar of Chinese writing, by quoting standard linguistics while considering that Chinese writing was derived originally from colloquial language. First of all, the subjective attitudes appeared in Chinese sentences were shown through Eogisa(語氣詞); accordingly, the concept of mood was defined as 'speaker's Eogi (語氣) appeared in sentences.' Then, mood was sub-categorized through the multiple classification method that had the first and second. In the first classification, the functions of sentence were divided into four sentences with regards to those of language. The functions of language were 1) speaker's expression, 2) statement on objects and 3) giving a message to the listener and the sentences could be classified as declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentences according to which one was more emphasized. The declarative sentence focused on the statement of object, accident and fact and the interrogative sentence demanded the answer from listeners while focusing on giving a message to the listener. Meanwhile, the command sentence required a certain action from listeners and the exclamatory sentence emphasized speaker's emotional expressions. In the second classification, the sentence was classified as standard sentence and non-standard sentence so as not to exclude the meaning and function of Eogisa by reflecting the unique characteristics of each sentence. First, the declarative sentence was divided into standard and non-standard declarative sentence according to the presence of probability judgment. Of these, non-standard declarative sentence expressed speaker's uncertain attitudes towards future. However, if speaker showed an attitude of guess and supposition, it was classified as a declarative sentence representing guess and it was classified as a declarative sentence representing promise if speaker promised one's action to him/herself. Secondly, the interrogative sentence was divided into standard and non-standard interrogative sentence according to whether the meaning of ‘interrogation’ was included. Furthermore, standard interrogative sentence was classified into explanatory, pro & con and alternative interrogative sentences in accordance with the question methods and non-standard interrogative sentence was classified into irony and suppositive interrogative sentences in accordance with the degree of confirmation for the information speakers knew. Thirdly, imperative sentence was divided into standard imperative sentence and non-standard imperative sentence according to the methods of commanding expression. Standard imperative sentence was sub-categorized into the imperative sentence representing the indication, prohibition and request in accordance with the presence of action performance and listener's condition, while non-standard imperative sentence was divided into interrogative and declarative imperative sentence according to the forms. Fourthly, exclamatory sentence was divided into standard and non-standard exclamatory sentence according to the methods of emotional expressions. Standard exclamatory sentence expressed message and monologue in accordance with the purpose of exclamation, while non-standard exclamatory sentence was classified into interrogative and responsive exclamatory sentences according to the forms. This study would contribute to the rational establishment of the grammar of Chinese writing based on the mood as the standard of sentence classification and it would eventually help one to understand Chinese writing.