高宗時代 公文書 內 地圖硏究

Abstract

高宗은 1873년 親政을 선포하고 外國과 修交·通商정책을 추진했다. 1876년에는 일본과 修好條約을 締結하여 門戶를 개방하였으며, 1880년대에는 統理機務衙門을 設置하고 中國·日本·美國으로 視察團을 派遣하여 실질적인 개화정책에 착수했다. 西歐 列强들과 國交를 체결한 후 祖先에 서양의 地理學과 地理的 知識, 地圖製作技術 등이 직접적이며 본격적으로 유입되면서 傳統的인 地圖 製作은 그치게 된다. 지금까지 韓國 地圖學史에서 古地圖에 관한 硏究는 활발히 진행되었으나, 近代地圖에 관해서는 지리학분야는 물론, 測地·測量분야에서도 풍부하지 못하다. 따라서 그동안 알려지지 않았던 19세기말에서 20세기 초인 開港期를 기점으로 한 硏究가 必要하다. 본 연구는 서울大學校 奎章閣에 所藏된 '高宗時代 公文書' 內에 添附되어 있는 330매의 地圖를 파악·정리하는데 주안점이 있다. 나아가 近代 地圖製作 技術이 轉派되던 時期에 제작한 地圖의 形態와 內容을 중심으로 지도제작주체를 파악하며 高宗時代 公文書 內 地圖를 제작특징별로 區分하였다. 그리고 門戶開放 이후 推進했던 近代化 事業과 開港 이후 帝國主義 外國 列强勢力의 浸透로 일어난 空間上의 變化를 살펴보았다. 硏究 成果를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 高宗時代 公文書 內 地圖의 編綴狀態는 成綴·非成綴로 나눌 수 있다. 낱장으로 非成綴된 것 중 假編綴된 것이나 完版地圖는 外國과 締結한 條約과 牒呈, 國內 土地調査, 國防과 關聯한 것이다. 非成綴된 地圖의 경우 누군가 必要에 의해 閱覽되었던 자료로 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 연구대상이 ‘公文書’ 이므로 官에서 만든 地圖가 대부분이다. 그러나 일부 民間에서 올린 上訴와 外國과 함께 製作한 地圖도 일부 유입되어 있었는데 이는 개항당시 外國과 交流가 활발했음을 보여준다. 셋째, 高宗時代 公文書 內 地圖는 製作技術과 使用材質을 基準으로 傳統的인 方法으로 제작한 地圖, 近代 測量技術을 바탕으로 實測하여 제작한 지도, 외국과 함께 제작한 지도로 分類할 수 있다. 넷째, 高宗時代 初期에는 開港의 중심이었던 京畿道 仁川을 중점으로 하였으나 後期로 갈수록 日本에 근접한 釜山과 首都였던 漢城을 대상으로 하여 많은 地圖가 제작되었다. 이 외에도 咸鏡北道 以北地域의 國境地帶과 忠淸지역의 宮沓地를 파악하는 등 全國에 걸쳐 지도가 제작되었다. 그러나 국토 全般을 파악하는 지도제작은 이루어지지 않았다. 다섯째, 高宗時代 公文書 內 地圖는 1900년대 이후 일제강점 이전에 국유재산토지와 가옥을 파악하며 漢城과 密陽을 중심으로 實測 地圖가 다수 제작되었다. 여섯째, 高宗時代 公文書 內 地圖는 高宗이 추진했던 近代化 政策과 외국열강들의 帝國主義的 침략과정을 보여주는 좋은 자료가 된다. 서구의 문물을 받아들인 고종은 국내에 交通·通信施設을 建立하였다. 러시아·청·일본·영국·미국·프랑스 등이 漁業權과 石炭採掘權 획득으로 인한 角逐戰을 벌이는 등 利權侵奪의 과정을 볼 수 있다. 開港場과 漢城을 중심으로 '租借地'와 '外國人居留地', '租界地' 등 土地賃借의 개념이 등장하고, 漢城府 內에 外國公事官이 設置되며, 日帝 强占期이전 近代化를 志向하는 建物들이 세워지는 등 韓半島 各 地域에서의 空間構造變化가 활발히 일어났다. 본 연구를 통해 高宗時代에 우리나라 政府에서 製作한 地圖들의 특징과 내용을 살펴보았다. 앞으로도 近代時期 우리나라에서 만들어진 地圖製作 樣式의 구체적인 變化過程과 內容分析이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 이를 통해 開港 以後부터 日帝 强占期를 맞이하기 이전까지의 朝鮮 社會를 이해하고, 그에 따른 空間構造의 變化를 考察해야 할 필요가 있다.|In 1873, when the staunchly isolationist Daeweongun (King Gojong’s ambitious father) relinquished his decade-long hold on power, King Gojong declared an independent governance and adopted an open-door policy. He established diplomatic relationships with foreign countries and pursued active commercial exchanges. In 1876, he concluded the Ganghwa Treaty, Korea’s first modern treaty which opened Korea’s ports to international trade with Japan. In the 1880s, he established the Tongli Gimu Amun (the Office for the Management of State Affairs) and dispatched a delegation for inspection to China, Japan and America. This was an earnest commencement of an enlightenment policy. After the establishment of diplomatic relations with western world powers, information on western geography, geographical knowledge, map making skills, and others began flowing into Korea. This in turn brought about the discontinuation of traditional map making. Thus far, there has been active research studies on old maps produced in Korea. On the other hand, except for some research done on modern maps produced by Japan during their colonization of Korea, few studies have been done on the maps made in Korea during the modern period. This study is based on the maps, included in the official documents of the Government General during the King Gojong period, at the Kyujanggak Archives of Seoul National University. This study compares two sets of Maps - maps, which were produced as more modern map making techniques were being newly introduced into Korea, and maps produced prior to the King Gojong period with emphasis being given to general features of the maps, content, and geographical expressions. There were 330 maps reviewed for this study: general features such as paper, size, binding and geographical expressions (for example scale, compass direction, reign titles, color, legend and others). This study also examined the spatial changes following modernization projects since the port opening and the invasions of foreign imperialist Powers. As a result, this study came to the following conclusions: First, according to the bindings, maps can be divided into bound maps and unbound sheets of maps supplementing documents. The unbound sheets of maps both with and without documents shows the interests of people who have perused the materials on treaty and agreement with foreign countries, domestic landscape survey, national defense. Second, the most researched maps were Korean papers from the government. Sometimes they included some of maps made by the civil's appeals foreign countries, exchanges with other countries must have increased since the port opening, Third, according to skills to make and qualities to use, maps of Korean papers in the King Gojong's reign can be classified into traditional ones, surveyed ones, and ones which made with other countries. Fourth, in the early part of King Gojong’s reign, the majority of the maps were of Incheon of Gyeonggi-do province as it was an economic and cultural hub during the port opening period. However, in the process of time Busan, a port close to Japan, and the Capital city Hanseong (old name for Seoul) emerged as cities of attention. Fifth, many of the maps included in the official documents during the King Gojong period were produced based on actual surveys of Seoul and the Mil-yang regions to examine government-owned land and houses. Sixth, the maps in the old documents during King Gojong’s period are valuable references carrying rich information as to King Gojong’s modernization policies and the activities of imperialist foreign powers aggressive behavior into Korea. They show King Gojong encouraged the construction of transportation· communications·postal service facilities, and made an effort to have a close-to -reality record of the property of the Imperial Household. The Maps also show the rivalries among Russia, Qing China, Japan, England, America, and France over vested rights for fishing and coal mining in Korea; leased territory, foreign concession (international settlements, restricted districts for foreigners in open port regions and Hanseong (old name of Seoul) provides evidence of the practice of land leasing and when it was first introduced to Korea; extensive spatial changes took place with legations established in Hanseong and modern buildings built all over Korea. While this study did some reviews on the characteristics and content of the maps produced by the government during the reign of King Gojong, it is found that further studies are needed as to changes in map making techniques and content analysis of the maps produced in Korea during Korea’s modern period. It will provide us with an enhanced understanding of the Joseon society and spatial changes from the port opening period to the beginning of the Japanese colonization.