儒家의 敎學思想에 關한 硏究

Abstract

儒家의 敎學思想은 人格을 重視하는 文化傳統과 脈을 같이 하는 사람됨의 過程으로써 敎育의 方法論과 一致하는 것이며 人格敎育에서의 自然스런 方法的 原理이다. 儒家의 敎學思想에 依한 孝敎育은 孝의 本質인 <敬>을 人 格 確立에 있어서 敎育方法論으로써의 意味와 價値를 높여 주는 普遍性을 지닌 卓越한 敎育思想이라 하겠다. 孝는 韓國人에게 있어 가장 所重하게 여기는 倫理的 德目 이요, 美風良俗이다. 敎育學的인 眼目에서 보면 孝는 直接的인 人格과 卓越한 智慧를 獲得하는 方法的 原理이다. 따라서 孝가 直接的으로는 人格敎育의 方法論的 原理가 되고 結果的으로는 智慧를 獲得해 가는 原理가 될 수 있다. 孝는 앎의 問題가 아니라 삶의 態度이다. 父母가 子女를 사랑하고 子女가 父母를 親愛하며 恭敬하는 것은 人倫에 앞서 天倫이다. 人爲的 當爲가 아니라 天然한 存在로써 人性의 發露인 것이다. 孝는 人間의 生命에서 우러나는 道理로써 生理이며 性理이다. 孝의 原理는 生命 그 自體에 뿌리 박고 있는 것이다. 現代는 科學技術의 發達로 因해 物質的 豊饒는 이루었다고 하지만 精神的 文化的 荒廢는 治癒할 수 없는 地境에 이르러서 人格的인 面에서의 病理現象은 治癒할 길이 없게 되었다. 孝行은 時代와 環境과 處地에 따라 變하지만 孝心은 古今東西를 莫論하고 變함이 없는 것이다. 儒家의 敎學思想은 人間을 重視하는 根本이기 때문에 人間生命重視思想과 平和 愛護思想으로 人類 모두가 지녀야 할 普遍的 價値이다. 이에 本 硏究의 題目인 “儒家의 敎學思想에 關한 硏究”에서 孝를 中心으로 한 韓國의 孝에서 본 傳統的 東洋文化의 倫理觀과 孝思想定立의 時代的 當爲性을 考察함에 있어서 다음과 같이 硏究코자 한다. 第 1章에서는 古典에서 “德이 本이요 財가 末”이라 했는데 오늘날 本末이 顚倒된 人間性喪失시대에서의 問題點을 提起 하고 孝에 관한 先行硏究史檢討를 通해 韓民族뿌리意識인 孝思想을 再吟味함으로써 儒家에서의 孝의 淵源을 바탕으로 孝를 通時的.通敎的方法으로 接近코자 했다.따라서 儒家의 敎學思想에서의 孝가 어떤 것인가를 立證시켜 現代와 未來社會까지 人類普遍主義思想으로 孝의 價値를 定立시킴으로써 現代와 未來社會에 알맞은 孝를 찾기 위한 方案들을 圖謀코자했다. 第2章에서는 敎學思想의 本質에서 敎學思想의 槪念을 孝?忠? 敬思想의 本質과 槪念을 把握하고 現代社會에서 適應할수 있는 孝의 實踐的 基本方向을 提示하고 新羅의 孝?忠?雙全 一致思想을 現代에 導入 設定시키고자 했다.特히 “敬”思想의 本質을 通해 “敬”의 生成, “敬”의 擴大로 人格을 形成시켜 立身過程을 提示하고 敎學思想의 實現과 孝의 重要性을 韓國의 孝와 三綱行實圖 孝行篇을 中心으로 敎學思想의必要性과 東洋文化의 傳統的 孝와 韓國의 孝行事例에서의 孝의 重要性을 三綱行實圖를 通해 孝行의 貌襲들을 考察하였다. 第3章에서 孝思想의 原理와 實現에서는 韓民族 뿌리 意識인 孝를 爲해 孝敎育의 方法과 必要性을 儒家에 나타난 孝를 通해 敎育的으로 孝를 接木시킬 수 있는 可能性을 硏究고자 하였다. 第4章에서는, 孝思想의 韓國的 展開에 있어서 三國時代 統一新羅時代, 高麗時代, 朝鮮時代에서 敬老優待策이 얼마나 關心깊게 다루어졌는가를 時代別로 區分하여 史料를 通해 孝思想의 制度的 定着이 어떻게 展開되었는가를 考察하였다. 第5章에서는, 孝思想의 現代的 意義를 摸索하고 孝를 通한人性敎育의 具顯을 위해 未來社會까지 時代와 宗敎를 超越한通時的이고도 通敎的인 人類普遍的 價値로써 “孝”야말로 人格敎育에서의 實踐的 敎育方法論으로써 確固히 展開시켜 未來社會 또한 “孝”思想을 人類普遍主義思想으로 確固히 定立시켜 이를 昇華시키고자 하였다. 孝는 모든 宗敎에서의 普遍的 價値를 띄고 있는 倫理 道德上, 宗敎上 마땅히 지켜야 할 規律이기에 人道精神의 覺醒이며 人間同質性을 回復하는 길이요, 世界 共同體 意識을振作하는 要道이기에, 世界 人類人 모두에게 있어서 葛藤과分裂과 鬪爭의 時代를 和合과 協同과 平和의 世界로 이끄는原動力이 되는 것이다. 그러므로 儒家의 敎學思想에 依한孝를 强度 높은 孝敎育을 展開시켜 現代는 勿論 未來社會에있어서도 宗敎的.時代的인 것을 超越하여 通敎的 .通時的인人類普遍主義思想으로 人間이 지녀야 될 가장 所重하고도 必要한 人格敎育에서의 實踐的 敎育 方法論으로 確固히 展開시켜 나아가야 할 것이다.|The 'teaching and learning' philosophy of Confucianism is parallel with the cultural tradition to value personality, and is the process of becoming human, and is identical with the methodology of education, and is the natural methodological principle of personalityeducation. The filial piety education by the 'teaching and learning' philosophy of Confucianism is the universal and excellent educational philosophy which heightens the meaning and value of 'respect', the essence of filial piety, as the cational methodology for establishing personality. The filial piety is the most valuable ethical virtue and 'good morals and manners' for the Korean people. From the pedagogical viewpoint, the filial piety is the methodological principle to acquire directive personality and excellent wisdom. So, the filial piety can become directively the methodological principle of personality education, and can become ultimately the principle to acquire wisdom. The filial piety is not the question of knowing, but is the attitude of living. It is the natural duty before the human duty that parents love their children and children love and respect their parents. The filial piety is not the artificial duty, but is the expression of human nature as the natural existence. The filial piety is the physical principle and spiritual principle as the principle which springs up from the life of a human being. The principle of filial piety is rooted in the life itself. The contemporary age achieved the material affluence owing to the development of science and technology, but can not heal the spiritual, cultual desolation, and so can not heal the pathological phenomenon in the aspect of personality. The behaviors of filial piety change according to the times and the circumstances, whereas the feelings of filial piety do not change across the ages and countries of the world. Because the 'teaching and learning' philosophy of Confucianism is the root to value human beings, such philosophy is the universal value, which all the mankind should posses, as the philosophy of valuing the life of human beings and the philosophy of loving peace. So, the purpose of this study, "A Study on the 'Teaching and Learning' Philosophy of Confucianism: Focusing on Filial Piety", is to consider and discuss the ethics view of traditional Oriental culture from the viewpoint of the Korean filial piety and the period necessity of establishing the filial piety philosophy as follows. Chapter 1 presented the problems in the period of losing human nature, in which the means is mistaken for the end today even though, according to an old book, "the virtue is the end and the property is the means". And, this chapter reexamined the philosophy of filial piety as the Korean national root consciousness through reviewing the preceding study history, and so approached the filial piety across periods and religions on the basis of the origin of filial piety in Confucianism. So, this chapter verified what the filial piety is in the 'teaching and learning' philosophy of Confucianism, and so established the value of filial piety as the mankind universalism philosophy of both the contemporary society and the future society, and then devised the measures to pursue the filial piety appropriate for the contemporary society and the future society. Chapter 2 understood the concept of 'teaching and learning' philosophy in the essence of 'teaching and learning' philosophy as the essence and concept of filial piety, loyalty, and respect, and presented the practical basic directions to be adapted to the contemporary society, and introduced and established Silla's complete congruence philosophy of both filial piety and loyalty in the contemporary age. Especially, this chapter formed personality as the generation of 'respect' and the enlargement of 'respect' through the essence of 'respect' philosophy, and presented the process of succeeding in life. This chapter considered the realization of 'teaching and learning' philosophy and the importance of filial piety around the filial piety of Korea and the filial piety part of 'Samgang Haengsildo'. This chapter considered the necessity of 'teaching and learning' philosophy and the importance of filial piety in the traditional filial piety of Oriental culture and the filial piety of Korea around 'Samgang Haengsildo'. Chapter 3, in the principle and realization of filial piety philosophy, examined the method and necessity of filial piety education for the filial piety as the Korean national root consciousness, and examined the possibility of applying the filial piety educationally through the filial piety appearing in Confucianism. Chapter 4, in the Korean development of filial piety philosophy, considered by period how interestedly the respect-for-the-aged policy was treated in the period of the three Kingdoms, the period of United Silla, Goryeo period, and Joseon period, and examined through historical materials how the system establishment of filial piety philosophy was developed. Chapter 5 pursued the contemporary meaning of filial philosophy. And, in order to embody the education of human nature through filial piety, this chapter developed firmly the filial piety, which was the mankind universal value across periods and religions beyond all the periods and all the religions including the future society, as the practical educational methodology of personality education. Also, in the future society, this chapter established firmly and sublimate the philosophy of filial piety as the mankind universalism hilosophy. Because the filial piety take the universal value of all the religions and is the rule which should be observed ethically, morally, and religiously, the filial piety is the arousal of humanism and the road to restore human homogeneity. Also, because the filial piety is the main road to promote the world community consciousness, it is the driving force to lead the period of conflict, dissolution, and struggle to the period of harmony, cooperation, and peace for all the world mankind. Therefore, by developing the strong filial piety education by the 'teaching and learning' philosophy of Confucianism, not only the contemporary society but also the future society should develop firmly the filial piety as the mankind universalism philosophy across periods and religions beyond all the periods and all the religions, and as the most valuable and necessary value which human beings should possess, and as the practical educational methodology in the personality education.