괴테의 시 「그 나라를 아시나요」에 의한 베토벤, 슈베르트, 리스트, 슈만, 볼프의 가곡 비교 연구

Abstract

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), a great literary writer of Germany left a wide range of diverse works throughout three periods of the tender age, classicalism, and romanticism. Goethe’s works inspired many musicians and became the basis of many musical pieces which had profound impact on German songs. Therefore 186 pieces of Goethe’s poems were made into music and the numbers of songs reach approximately 2,600.

Most of the lyrics in Goethe’s representing novel “Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship (Wilhelm Meisters Lehrrjahre)” is composed into music by many composers and especially “Kennst du das Land” in the third chapter is written to music by many composers. Typical composers who wrote this poem into a song are L.V. Beethoven (1770-1827), a classic composer, F. Schubert (1797-1828), R. Schumann (1810-1856), F. Liszt (1811-1886), H. Wolf (1816-1903) romantic composers and more. Of these composers, Schubert left sixty, Wolf fifty one pieces that were based on Goethe’s poetry.

This paper analyzed musical pieces based on the poem <Kennst du das Land>. Before going into the analysis of the five representing composer’s pieces, the paper studied Goethe’s literary world in the stream of time, the background and summary of <Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship>, the symbolic meanings of the poetic diction and the characteristics of the poetic rules and rhythm to look into the relationship of the music and the poetic rules and rhythm. In addition by analyzing the form, tonality, melody, chord, and accompaniment the paper made a comparative research on the similarities and differences of songs based on the same poem by change of periods.

Each composer applied basic poetic rules however varies depending on their subjectivity. Beethoven and Schubert relatively put more emphasis on poetic rules and based on this applied changes in rhythm, while Schumann followed the principles and emphasized changes in rhythm, and Liszt applied different accompaniment parts in the clauses. In addition Wolf applied the changes of rhythm that occur when reciting within the basic poetic rules to the melody for an ideal form of poem and music.