Violoncello의 변천 과정에 관한 고찰

Abstract

본 논문은 Violoncello의 기원과 변천과정, 기원 역사 등에 관하여 발간된 외국서적과 논문을 토대로 하고, 국내에서 발간된 논문을 참고로 하여 연구 하였다. 현악기는 악기의 역사에 있어서 가장 오래된 악기군 중 하나로 궁현악기들이 수세기를 거치면서 구조나 모양도 많이 변해 현재의 바이올린족에 이르렀다고 볼 수 있다. 시대의 변화에 따라 악기도 변하고 요구되어지는 소리도 변하고 발전되기 때문에 그에 따라 활의 중요성도 점차로 커지게 되었다. 현악기 활의 중요성을 재인식하여 활에 대한 기본원리를 알고 그것을 우리 인체 특성에 잘 맞추어 자연스런 형태로서 보다 좋은 소리를 만들 수 있느냐에 대한 연구는 매우 중요하리라 본다. 본 연구에서는 Violoncello의 변천, 구조 그에 따른 활의 변천, 구조를 알아보고 시대에 따른 연주 자세와 기법을 연구하였다. 본 논문은 네 부분으로 나누어, 첫 번째 부분에서는 Violoncello의 변천, 기원, 발달과 구조, 구성을 서술하였고, 두 번째 부분에서는 Violoncello의 구성, 각부 명칭, 제작에 필요한 재료, 규격 등을 간략하게 다루었으며, 세 번째 부분에서는 활의 기원과 발달, 형태 구조와 규격을 서술하였고, 네 번째 부분에서는 시대에 따른 연주 자세와 Bowing, Multiple-stop, Harmonics, Pizzicato, Diverse Effects 기법을 연구하였다.|The research has thus far focused on the development history and playing methods of musical instruments and bows ranging from ancient viola da gamba to modern cello. In Korea, for about one hundred years after Western music entered it. Western instruments have undergone much development, and cellos have also developed together with them. In particular, as cellos have undergone many changes in their shapes and playing methods, they have shifted their position mainly from accompanying instruments to individual and independent instruments. Also, since new playing techniques change according to musical tendence and cellists, the research focused on major solo cello music and cellists, the research focused on major solo cello music and corresponding cellists' characteristics. Major solo cello music can be categorized into Baroque, classic, romantic and modern music. During the Baroque era when cello established itself as a solo instrument, most of its music was composed according to the six-stringed viola da gamba. Since the music was composed mostly in the style of dance music which was not fast, many of it were refined and did not require many techniques. However, during the classical era, many tunes were composed that fitted into techniques and forms. Tunes composed during the classical era were typical sonata types and each movement presented very distinct features, while tunes composed during the romantic era shed classical types, and presented splendors characterize by free imagination-based cello melodies and techniques. Modern solo cello tunes are large in scale, and have characteristics of not being bound by forms in terms of harmonic composition and melodies. Also, famous cellists studied their own unique playing methods, and endeavored to publish exercise textbooks and educational works. In particular, L. Boccherini(1743-1805) reduced the use of unnecessary portamento in connection with playing methods using a thumb, and exercised a great influence on cello playing methods from the classical era to modern times. He upgraded the cello from a low-compass instrument to a high-compass instrument, thus diversifying its compass. As such, the cello, which serves as both an accompanying instrument and a solo instrument, widens its usage today such as chamber music, orchestras, and solo playing. As with all other instrument, cello players' correct postures are very crucial, and the way that hold the instrument and the bow is also important. With a correct posture, a player should interpret and based on these basic playing methods, a player should convey music to audiences by diversifying his playing methods through composer-required form, feeling, and rhythm, among other things. In conclusion, the cello technique shows a tendency to be different with the change of the period and make an attempt up to date.